Political globalization is a construction of interconnected organization which is transnational and accelerated. After socialist nations collapsed, it became an approach to a society that established a global trend and a transnational community. Globalization can be seen as a combination of a large stream, but others may be concerned that the loss of sovereignty and unique sovereignty can be fragmented. Therefore, this article explains how globalization works in political way and understands the relationship among the three important elements(global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks), when globalization is already underway.
Since the 1990s, democracy has spread throughout most of the world. Fukuyama Fransis saw the collapse of the socialist state as the end of the ideological war. In fact, the dualistic ideological conflicts(Socialism vs. Democracy) have disappeared. However, many conflicts that have been overshadowed before have been revealed in earnest. We have limitations on analyzing the present world with the end of the ideology. Clearly, the world is spreading more and more diverse ideas and concepts. Currently, we are in a new order and system of so-called American supremacy. That is the order that the United States has established since World War II, but it is not the PAX Americana. In fact, in nowadays, many of the world's major powers, including China, are threatening the power of the America. Thus, the first process of the political globalization is the redistribution of power units.
Also, the world is creating global normative culture. And this is spread by outstanding communication skills. Their major characteristic is not only about human rights issues but also implications for global problems such as environmental problems. According to the discussion, the nation was the basis for the establishment of a rule in the past, but now the world is in a tense relationship between them and the universal norm. There is a global culture that can be applied to every country in modern society. For instance, the UN Convention on Human Rights and the restriction to the nation which tramples its basic rights.
Moreover, discussions on political globalization are not classified as countries that are largely engaged in and the countries that less related to that. In other words, there is a polycentric networks. In the past, in case of PAX Romana, it divided into the ruler of the powerful Roman and the colony who accepted the rules of Rome. However, the current norm is multidimensional. One of the unique characteristics of a global civil society is that it does not have a single space. They are a multi-dimensional things that is not based on a single principle of organization.
Communication is a main factor of politics. A progress of communication skill give an opportunity which is discussing about global issues as well as domestic one. They are usually related to global normative culture, we can communicate with domestic and international universality through communication.
2. What was interesting? / What did you learn?
I agree that modern society is more multi-dimensional. Only a few years before I was born there were socialist nations such as Soviet Union and there was a Cold War between liberals and socialist camps. However, due to conflicts between that nations, we have underestimated many of the problems that should be observed universally. As a result, there are countless conflicts around the world since the end of the Cold War. As described in the article, the collapse of socialism is not the end of ideological conflict. There is still a conflict of value over the wider range. For example, there are conflicts between nations in the Middle East, because of resistance ways against capitalist nations.
According to a studying in class, the world created a huge organization called the UN, and founded a lot of institutions to solve the universal problem. They want to promote the convenience and stability of the global civil society. However, it is necessary to note their adverse effects. For example, in case of the IMF, there is a risk that countries using IMF's loan policies are stigmized as economic aid-country. So they receive a lot of criticism. Therefore we must establish a 'real' normative culture which is more acceptable to all by communicating more various opinions.
3. Discussion point
A major concept of this article is a 'Consensus'. We should create global values for every nation and people by consensus. The principles of consensus have evolved from ancient times. A discussion has been made to find the most reasonable method between many people. Among them, majority rule is currently being used. We commonly use the majority rule from choosing the dinner menu to presidential election. However, recent issues have raised suspicions that the majority rule is the best way for common good.
South Korea is suffering from internal disputes due to various irregularities and abnormal incidents involving the president. She selected by the principle of majority of the public, but there was a lot of opposition, and she was met with a huge backlash before her term's started. However, Koreans have endured four years in accordance with this principle. And Korean have noticed that she has a huge defection. And now, the state of affairs in Korea is paralyzed. It seems similar to protest against result of U.S. presidential election. In future, we live in era which should bring about a global consensus as well as domestic consensus. I would like to discuss what method of consensus will be sought for 'genuine' consensus, not a majority principle.
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