1.Summary
Political globalization ranged over tension between three processes which interact to produce the complex field of global politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks.
- Democracy: The globalization of the nation-state, and its model of political membership and institutionalized governance, has given form to the universal aspiration for democracy.
- Global normative culture: Political communication has become the basis of a global normative culture. States were once the main agents of global norms, but today a global normative culture has come into existence beyond the state system and exists in a relation of tension with states.
- Polycentric networks: It is formed of non-territorial politics which emanate from a multiplicity of sites and which cannot be reduced to a single center. It also creates new opportunities for autonomy and the recognition of a range of new actors and new modes of governance, but, at the same time, can create new instabilities and dangers(It mentioned as ‘dark-side’) Also civil society is corresponding to new spaces beyond the state and the intergovernmental domain and which are independent of global capitalism.
1. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATION-STATE, NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP
As global state is emerging, general movement towards the transnationalization of the state and the even more extensive movement towards a geopolitics of global power. Globalization reconfigures the state around global capitalism, making it impossible for nation- states to be independent. The resulting crisis of the nation-state is apparent in the transformation of nationality. Two kinds of decoupling processes are evident the decoupling of nationality and citizenship and the decoupling of nationhood and statehood. The decoupling of nationality and citizenship can be attributed to the impact of global normative culture. Due to the conditions of globalization the nation-state has become dislocated from the state.
Nation-states have been based on centralized systems of communication. Political parties have been at the center of large-scale apparatuses of political communication. Public today is based on professional political communication and mass persuasion through systematic advertising and lobbying. The public sphere is the site of politics. Emergence of a global public discourse is important. So global public plays a key role. Political communication in the public sphere is more and more framed by global issues.
4. THE TRANSFORMATION OF SPACES AND BORDERS
As global state is emerging, general movement towards the transnationalization of the state and the even more extensive movement towards a geopolitics of global power. Globalization reconfigures the state around global capitalism, making it impossible for nation- states to be independent. The resulting crisis of the nation-state is apparent in the transformation of nationality. Two kinds of decoupling processes are evident the decoupling of nationality and citizenship and the decoupling of nationhood and statehood. The decoupling of nationality and citizenship can be attributed to the impact of global normative culture. Due to the conditions of globalization the nation-state has become dislocated from the state.
2. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE AND COMMUNICATION
3. THE CENTRALITY OF CIVIL SOCIETY
The importance of civil society to political globalization lies in its potential to organize resistance to the global hegemony of capitalism and/or the United States. And Global civil society is to resolve contradictory tendencies and covers a very broad field of political activity. That works to undermine the importance of the territorial state in favour of new forms of networked opposition.
4. THE TRANSFORMATION OF SPACES AND BORDERS
Globalization transcends national borders, shrinks dimensions and interconnect world.
Boundaries between and within existing territorial entities is blurring. The focus on new spaces and new forms of connectivity has led to a realization that space is constitutive of social and political relations, not simply a ‘given’ which comes with the territory.
Lastly, The central question generated by political globalization is this: the degree to which the fragmentation of the social world leads to a loss of political autonomy. Political globalization has resulted in a new set of tensions around which politics is now structured.
Boundaries between and within existing territorial entities is blurring. The focus on new spaces and new forms of connectivity has led to a realization that space is constitutive of social and political relations, not simply a ‘given’ which comes with the territory.
Lastly, The central question generated by political globalization is this: the degree to which the fragmentation of the social world leads to a loss of political autonomy. Political globalization has resulted in a new set of tensions around which politics is now structured.
2. What was interesting?
I would like to mention a notion: 'Polycentric networks'. It has not a tendency to be fixed and the one. It can be mentioned when we discuss power of nation, cooperative society and on so in sociology. We are likely to think the nation is the best option for people in our history in a regard development of human society. It is neither 100% right nor wrong if we consider another people who wanted and chose living away from country like 'Zomia'. Polycentric networks remind me of zomia's case and I can agree with the neccesity of that in the flow of globalization in the world.
3. Discussion point
The world is going to be more and more global from cultural to political. Let us think about United States. Donald Trump who was elected as president in US that was or is the world's police man seems going to have a islationism tendency in policies related to world. Trump wants a wall between US ans Mexico and cuts off immigration and free passage between Canada and US. The US would no longer engage in nation building of natinos in South East area. Also he is using 'America first' as slogan. What will happen after all these policies start?
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