03. Political globalization

1. Summary

Political Globalization has been discussed in globalization literature that emphasis on nation state. Nowadays, it opens up new possibilities. It adopted in multifaced nature of globalization which is best seen as a relational dynamic. It interact to produce complex field of global politics. First dimension is geoplitics of global power and second is rise of global normative culture. It is more connected to global issues. Thanks to development of networks, new sources of mobility and communication changed. Global civil society refers to the political domain between state and market. It come into existence around INGO. The decline of nation-state should be replace by the idea of continued transformation. Transformation of the nationstate is important than demise. Attention of european is decline and asia, africa and nation states are on the main expression of political mobilization and identity. A distinction needs to be made between staes and nation-states. It is on the relationship between political community and the exercise of legitimate violence. In question of global public sphere as a transnational space, the emergence of a global public discourse is more important. The global is not outside the social world but is inside in numerous ways. The global normative culture is diffused in many ways within public spheres. And it is carried by many different kinds of social agents. Globla civil society holds the promise of resolving contradictory tendency. It become central to the experience of globality. First is between the tendency of globalization to homogenize, and second is contradiction within the individuating power of globalization. Globalization of civil society follows the same pattern for democracy, the nation-state and citizenship. Globlization has resulted in the universation of territorial norms and practices. It exists interpretations of global transformation which focus on the emergence of multiple and mutually dependent levels of political organization. The relationship between globalization and new political spaces and borders revolve around two key dynamics. First is associated with the work of Castells and second is becks' idea of cosmopolitanization. Rebordering should not be taken to imply that existing patterns of territorial borders are simply reproduced. Political globalization has resulted in a new set of tensions around which politics is now structured. It create possibility for concerns : govermance, identity, mobilities and community.

 

2. Interesting

I didn't know difference between nation, state and nation-state. From this work, I can differentiate each concept. First, nation is one political unit in one government. And state means territory like state, generation, place, situation and so on. It means presence state. Finally, nation-state is environment in federal government and state government. Federal government is central government, and state government is local government. I didn't know about political term but I can learn more through globalization.

 

3. Discussion

Through election of United states, I felt in my bones that global situation is not somebody else's business. After Trumph won, many people in world concerned about future. Also In Korea, many things will be changed. In global world, we have to think about political circumstances. What will be changed in the domestic and international situation?

 

Political Globalization

SUMMARY

Globalzation requires the existence of global players such as strong states to diffuse, implement a global geopolitics, and polycentric networks. Political globalization is not leading in the direction of a new global order of governance or world society but to transnational political action which challenges neoliberal politics. The logic of globalization bears out the central logic of political modernity in expressing the inner conflict within the political frame of autonomy versus fragmentation.

World has changed to a global economy by national economies. It makes power of the nation-state to face the challenge. Many states try hard to control firms that have become rivals to states. So global companies share sovereignty with states.
Globalization changes the state around global capitalism which is making it impossible for nation-states to be independent. The nation-state "does not 'wither away' but becomes transformed". Because they become a functional component of transnational apparatus(for examples EU...) and a major agent of global capitalism.

Communication is central to politics. Until now this has been mostly conceived of as a national public sphere. While debates continue on the question of the global public sphere as a transnational space, what is more important is the emergence of a global public discourse, which is less a spatialli defined entity than a manifestation of discourse. The global is not outside the social world but is inside it in numerous ways.

The 'civil societalization' of politics both reinforces the idea that politics is increasingly informed by a normative global curture and points to the transformation of the nation-state as a site of political struggle. Global civil society holds the promise of resolving contradictory tendencies which have become central to the experience of globality.

The dream about 'borderless world' has long been associated with thinking about globalization. It would be too simple to reduce the spatial dynamics of political globalization to a conflict between the flows and mobilities associated with global processes and the spaces and borders of existing political realms. The focus on new spaces and new forms of connectivity has led to a awareness that space is constitutive of social and political relations. not simply a 'given'which comes with the territory.


NEW, INTERESTING, OR UNUSUAL ITEMS I LEARNED

What I learned from this article is that the world has changed from territorial devision to global network. And at the center of this change are economy. As world has changed to a global economy by national economies. It breaks national bounderies and make politics to change.

I research about 'global capitalism'. Global capitalism is the fourth and current epoch of capitalism. What distinguishes it from earlier epochs of mercantile capitalism, classical capitalism, and national-corporate capitalism is that the system, which was previously administered by and within nations, now transcends nations, and thus is transnational, or global, in scope. In its global form, all aspects of the system, including production, accumulation, class relations, and governance, have been disembedded from the nation and reorganized in a globally integrated way that increases the freedom and flexibility with which corporations and financial institutions operate.


QUESTION, CONCERN, OR DISCUSSION ANGLE

I have question after finish reading article and write down the blog. Today world has changed to global economy. If economic system change again the politics of the nations will change too. So what I wonder is, what will be the next epoch of economy? And how will it affect globalization?

Political Globalization

Political Globalization

1. Summary

The concept of globalization is multidimensional, accelerated and interconnected organization of space and time across national borders. Political globalization has been much discussed in the globalization literature.

There can be little doubt that one of the most pervasive forms of political globalization is the worldwide spread of democracy. However, since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the communist regimes in Europe after 1991, democracy has become the universally acceptable form of government.

Nation-states continue to be powerful actors but exist in a more globally connected world that they do not fully control. Nation-states continues to be the principal political form of societal organization. The two powerful Nations in the world today are the United States and China.

A second dimension of political globalization refers to the rise of a global normative culture. This is independent of geopolitics.

The concept of civil society is much contested and for present purposes it simply refers to the political domain between the state and the market.

The global is not outside the social world but is inside it in numerous ways. So, it is possible to see political communication in the public sphere as increasingly framed by global issues.

Global civil society is not defined in relation to a state. NGO-led political campaigns, trans border social movements. The globalization of civil society follows the same pattern as for democracy, the nation-state and citizenship.

To conclude, political globalization has resulted in complex relationships between three dimensions. The globalization of the nation-state, global normative culture, polycentric networks, and the development of global civil society.

2. Interesting things what I learned

Despite of changed world, the “notion of the decline of the nation-state in a post-statist world of governance without government” seems to be replaced by idea of the continued transformation of nation-state. In case of Europeanization, as a movement that has led to the progressive erosion of national sovereignty, has paradoxically rescued the nation-state rather than undermined it. Per Majone (1996) the transnationalization of the state in Europe is best seen in terms of regulatory kind of governance rather than the creation of a new state system that challenges the nation-state. Moreover, recent Brexit and crisis in Syria enhanced Isolationism in Europe.

       3. Discussion
  

The UK Decides to Leave European Union and Donald Trump has been elected president of the United States. The norm of non-intervention seems dominated the majority all around the world. Will nation-states continue to remain as powerful actors in the future?

Political globalization

1. Summary of "political globalization"
In Political Globalization  Used  Of globalization means Concept is a multi-dimensional  Acceleration  And  Mutual  Connection. 
At the border and Space, Organizations is especially Political in globalization about Of concern Consciousness Only not National Process Emphasize Social to the world  Approach.
Political complicated field generating mutual action process in tension, Because global earth is Multiple Network.
This based on one of globalization type of big people in national politics.
Democratic globalization politics world hegemony domination and relation is the so-called new world order
Political of globalization dimension globa culture rise, and It means this world politics of communication is diffusion
This global culture standard to state about political actor's direction that it provides.
Political globalization process is network and flow, movement  Communication new source and new relationship.
Individuals and national Social  Multiple network is  global  Governance's  new  Shape.
World  citizen society however, separate not occupied country and world market beyond that is national next exist and global on impact it was inevitable.
Country and global state injured global geopolitics toward more width and large movement generated globalization.
This is political of globalization is especially  more important.
World citizen social and worldwide trends and global public field controversy national into space global public area on the problem about discussed. 
Social world discourse structural more larger, so  global public  has important role.
Country and social between change relations and related how to we are political in globalization.
This is news national global community network and with the new public political shape.
And such development understand key is  social citizen think. 
Political citizen society local and  global connect politics form Common it means.
It is important because citizens in society have international relationship.
Therefore political globalization in modern thought world  citizen  have social importance.
Global citizen society build new type structure while allowing network of political system and group Identity of society.
Global citizen social politics activities are coverd extremely discursive  field.




2.Interesting learned things
In difference about Globalization and Nation Between Political aspect is Interesting.
Globalization and  Related  Nation-state  future  Also  Actively  Discussed  On  An issue.
In  For  three  Branch  Viewpoint  Presented in reading text.  A point of view, Today  Of globalization  In shock  Because  Nation-state  Phase  Weakened.  Although, Every country 
Sovereignty  have  Be  Because of  Different  On the other hand  politics  And  Social  Problem  Resolve  place  Nation-state.  The role is  yet, but i think it is important.




3. Discussion Point
Political globalization in Korean society can be observed in the increasing influence of intergovernmental organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and various non-governmental
organizations.  It is slower than economical and cultural globalization, but it should be noted that political globalization has not only a significant influence on the decisions of the
national government, including the government, but also its influence. I would like to explore and discuss ways to further develop our country in the flow of political globalization.

Political globalization

1.     Summary

 The concept of globalization as used refers to the multidimensional, accelerated and interconnected
organization of space and time across national borders. Specifically with respect to political globalization it concerns an approach to the social world that stresses postnational and transnational processes as well as a consciousness of the compressed nature of space and time. Political globalization has been much discussed in the globalization literature where the emphasis has been on the decline of the nation-state under the impact of global forces, which have created different kinds of politics arising from, on the one hand, the development of transnational networks and flows, and, on the other, processes of de- and reterritorialization.
 There can be little doubt that one of the most pervasive forms of political globalization is the worldwide spread of democracy based on the parliamentary nationstate. Globalization does not undermine the democratic nation-state but gives it worldwide acceptability.
 Political globalization refers to the rise of a global normative culture. This is independent of geopolitics and is largely legal but diffused in global political communication. One of the main expressions of this is human rights, which lies at the centre of a global cosmopolitanism, but it also includes environmental concerns, which are now global.
 The three dynamics of political globalization will be examined around social transformation: the transformation of nationality and citizenship, the public sphere and political communication, civil society, and space and borders.


2. Interesting things what I learned.
 I think that interesting things what I learned is 'THE TRANSFORMATION OF SPACES AND BORDERS'. The image of a ‘borderless world’ has long been associated with thinking about globalization. The power of global processes to transcend national borders, annihilate distance and unite through global catastrophe has provided the globalization literature with a range of powerful metaphors: the ‘global village’; ‘world polity’; ‘fragile earth’. I think that interesting paradox. We are increasingly conscious of the shrinking dimensions or compression of an increasingly interconnected world and the way in which this renders the globe meaningful and brings it within the grasp of all individuals. At the same time the frictionless flows and untrammelled mobilities constitutive of globalization are commonly held to represent a threat to the nation-state, as a result of which economic and political processes are taken beyond the reach of democratically elected polities, and the individuals that constitute them.




3. Discussion
How is "economic globalization" different from "political globalization"?
As I was studying this part, I began to wonder. I learned a lot during class, but I was not just knowing each one of them while doing assignments, but wondered exactly what was the difference between the two.

political globalization

1.Summary
Political Globalization emphasize the decline of the nation-state under the impact of global political forces, the development of transnational networks and flows, processes of re- and deterritorialization. Political globalization can be understood as a tension between three processes which interact to produce the complex field of global politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks. First dimension of political globalization is the global geopolitics. There are the most universal form of political globalization is the parliamentary system. Second dimension of political globalization is the global normative culture. Global normative culture is a result of global communication and popular culture. Global normative culture has come into existence beyond the state system and exists in a relation of tension with states. Third dimension of political globalization is polycentric networks. A polycentric network is forms of non-territorial politics which emanate from a multiplicity of sites. Polycentric networks are associated with emerging forms of global governance. These three dimensions of political globalization are associated with the concept of global civil society. This concept corresponds to new spaces beyond the state and the inter-governmental domain. Also, it can go to various grass-roots organizations and social movements of all kinds ranging from globally organized anti-capitalist protests and global civil society movements.
Globalization has pressured on the relationship between political community and the exercise of legitimate violence. The resulting crisis of the nation-state is apparent in the transformation of nationality. Two kinds of decoupling processes are the decoupling of nationality and citizenship and the decoupling of nationhood and statehood. The decoupling of nationality and citizenship can be attributed to the impact of global normative culture, which has led to a blurring of the boundary between national and international law. And the result of nationhood is new and recalcitrant forms as reflected in the rise of the extreme right.
Emergence of a global public discourse is the important issue. The global public is the always ever present sphere of discourse that contextualizes political communication and public discourse. Global normative culture is a leading role in shaping political communication. Global normative culture is diffused in many ways within public spheres and is carried by many different kinds of social agents, including states.
Social movements and grass-roots politics increasingly became faint national boundaries. The civil societalization of politics both reinforces the idea that politics is increasingly informed by a normative global culture and points to the transformation of the nation-state as a site of political struggle. And global civil society is can define a natural realm that governed by natural law. The growth of global civil society is the result of increasing opportunities for interaction between domestic and international politics.
Globalization is a continuum with the local at one end and the global at the other. Moving beyond the national politics as a consequence of globalization has caused a major reassessment of the role and meaning of borders and spaces in the construction of polities. Rebordering should not be taken to imply that existing patterns of territorial borders are simply reproduced. borders do not necessarily map directly onto territory and states and they are becoming ‘dispersed’ throughout society.


2.What was interesting
From this article, I learned about the concept of global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks. Three concepts are really interesting to me. All three dimensions of political globalization are interconnected. And those are associated with the concept of global civil society. Civil society is the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens. And I’m interested in the concept of deterritorialization. This concept was mentioned a few times before.


3.Discussion point
In future, will the concept of borders is really disappearing?, Can we define ourselves as a global citizen?

Political globalization

Summary

Political globalization is trial to adjust world's variety power. It needs world-wide acceptability. Although democracy is main ideology in world, it could not main idea without global acceptability. Political globalization's topic can be global civil right. Because new civil position 'cosmopolitan' is formed in globalizational society. Also idea for preservation environment is topic of political globalization. From now on, development or progress is main subject in world. Now we have to think about sustainable developmen or preserve environment for human life. These tasks need world-wide help.

For these discussion INGO(International Non-Governmental Organization) is made. Global civil society's feature is polycentric, and not based on any single principle of organization. INGO have made global norms and activated many discussion about political globalization. With need for global discussion, global public appeared. These public communicated in global text. Central network have lose itself power. New network like internet helps to form global public. Although new network has danger using different group like terrorist, Emergency of global civil society based new network shows to increase opportunity to interact.  

Intersting point

I read "Global civil society actors do not necessaril work for peace, freedom and democratization; the so-called 'dark-side' of civil society". I vaguely think global civil is good, because global civil related to INGO's tasks like activity for human right and preservation environment. In text, new network circumstance is used for people to gather for improper purpose. Rather people taken lead by country central system are easier to gather in new network circumstance. It means world has different danger. By Beck, it is "the recognition that we live in a 'world risk society".

Discussion

Political globalization forms global discussion point. And it needs global public. Now some affair in world affect word-wide people. As soon as Trump's win in america president election, world-wide presses coverage about that. There are variety opinion because many people didn't expect Trump's win. Some press report in a good and other press report in a bad. It shows america president election affects world-wide and forms global public beyond one country's election. With Trump's win, I listened news that kkk(Ku Klux Klan) group activate in america. These threats different race and harms people's car, house. Also they are designed for parade for Trump's win. Maybe kkk group's action is not merely america society's problem. Thinking about effect of Trump's win is one role as global public. What do you thing about Trump's win? 

Political globalization

1.

Specifically with respect to political globalization it concerns an approach to the social world that stresses postnational and transnational processes as well as a consciousness of the compressed nature of space and time. Political globalization has been much discussed in the globalization literature where the emphasis has been on the decline of the nation-state under the impact of global forces, which have created different kinds of politics arising from, on the one hand, the development of transnational networks and flows, and, on the other, processes of de- and reterritorialization.

The United States will not be able to establish global supremacy and will be challenged by many centres of power – centres that are mostly states. Thus, the first dimension of political globalization is the geopolitics of global power.

A second dimension of political globalization refers to the rise of a global normative culture. This is independent of geopolitics and is largely legal but diffused in global political communication. One of the main expressions of this is human rights, which lies at the centre of a global cosmopolitanism, but it also includes environmental concerns, which are now global. It is also a dimension of globalization that is not specifically Western.

The global political order represented by the United Nations is largely based on nationstates, it is possible to speak of a different kind of global political order that can be associated with the notion of global civil society. The concept of civil society is much contested and for present purposes it simply refers to the political domain between the state and the market where informal politics takes place.

The argument in this chapter questions this assumption: political globalization is not leading in the direction of a new global order of governance or world society but to transnational political action which challenges neoliberal politics. The logic of globalization bears out the central logic of political modernity in expressing the inner conflict within the political frame of autonomy versus fragmentation: globalization can enhance democracy but it can also fragment democracy by shifting autonomy to capitalism.

The three dynamics of political globalization will be examined in this chapter around four examples of social transformation: the transformation of nationality and citizenship, the public sphere and political communication, civil society, and space and borders.

The transformation of nationality and citizenship is that The notion of the decline of the nation-state in a post-statist world of governance without government – or in a ‘new medievalism’ of regional economies – should be replaced by the idea of the continued transformation of the nation-state.

And political communication is that communication is central to politics. Nation-states have been based on centralized systems of communication ranging from national systems of education and science, national newspapers and media such as TV as well as national commemorations and popular culture in which national narratives and collective identities were codifi ed, reproduced and legitimated. Most nation-states have been based on a national language, which was increasingly standardized over time. In addition, political parties have been at the centre of large-scale apparatuses of political communication which they have used for social influence.

We have seen how political globalization is associated with the changing relationships between state, society and the individual, and the new transnational or global communities, networks and publics which have come into existence and which are in turn driving new forms of politics. Central to understanding these developments is the idea of civil society which perhaps more than any other development has come to symbolize the political potential of globalization, and signals the onset of globalization from below. Before looking at the emerging reality of global civil society it is necessary to give consideration to a related development which we can term the ‘civil societalization’ of politics, a development stimulated, on the one hand, by the spread of governance practices which coordinate policy both beyond the nationstate and in partnership with a range of social actors not traditionally involved in the mechanisms of government, and, on the other, by shifts in the scale of the local, with social movements and grass-roots politics increasingly coordinated across national boundaries. The ‘civil societalization’ of politics both reinforces the idea that politics is increasingly informed by a normative global culture and points to the transformation of the nation-state as a site of political struggle.

To conclude, we can point to three dilemmas to which these complex relationships give rise and the implications for the tension between autonomy and fragmentation.

First, the globalization of the nation-state, and its model of political membership and institutionalized governance, has given form to the universal aspiration for democracy.

Second, global normative culture, which has been disseminated by INGOs over a long period of time and has scripted the development of the nation-state as a global form, has also acted as a vector for global norms of personhood positing a world of individuals sustained by human rights law.

Third, polycentric networks, and in particular the development of global civil society, create new opportunities for autonomy and the recognition of a range of new actors and new modes of governance, but, at the same time, can create new instabilities and dangers.

2.

Politics is a vital part of our concern.But we have a prejudice that politics is hard and difficult.By the way, it was fun to learn what the politics meant in globalization, and to learn more about globalization.Also, the three drivers of political globalization were novel.

These days, people talk a lot about U.S. presidential election.There are predictions that the world economy, trade, and culture will change rapidly.Learning political globalization has led to a lot of thoughts about this area.It is a meaningful subject for me.

3.

These days, the situation in our country is serious.People are demonstrating on the streets because of politics that has not taken into account the people.The whole nation is acting with one mind.Politics is an important subject in sociology.And this is our nation's work.So I want to talk about the politics of other students and our country.

Political globalization

1. Summary
Political Globalization
Gerard Delanty and Chris Rumford
Last time when we studied about cultural globalization, there were many multidimensional definitions of globalization. It was, for example, economical, political, technological one including alteration of environmental and cultural changes. In political globalization, the concept of globalization as used refers to the multidimensional, accelerated and interconnected organization of space and time across nation borders. As development of political globalization, new emancipatory possibilities has opened up. Political globalization can be understood as a tension between three processes which interact to produce the complex field of global politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks.
 The first dimension of political globalization is the geopolitics of global power. Globalization does not undermine the democratic nation-state but gives it worldwide acceptability. And the second dimension of political globalization refers to the rise of a global normative culture. This is independent of geopolitics and is largely legal but diffused in global political communication. Another dimension of globalization that is less related to states and which is not reducible to global normative culture. These processes of political globalization are associated with network and flows and denote new relationships between the individual, state and society.
 The notion of the decline of the nation-state in a post-statist world of government should be replaced by the idea of the continued transformation of the nation-state. Globalization has enhanced not undermined them. In other words the state has become more diffuse. It is less easily defined in terms of territory or in terms of political community. A distinction needs to be made between states and nation-states. Two-kinds of decoupling processes are evident: the decoupling of nationality and citizenship and the decoupling of nationhood and statehood. Communication is central to politics. Most nation-states have been based on a nation language, which was increasingly standardized over time. Until now this has been conceived of as a nation public sphere. Moreover the idea of the public sphere was theorized in terms of decline as a result of the rise of the commercial mass media. The public sphere is now pervaded by what can be called a global public.
The ‘civil societalization’ of politics both reinforces the idea that politics is increasingly informed by a normative global culture and points to the transformation of the nation-state as a site of political struggle. It has also resulted from the erosion of the state/society distinction inspired by ‘governance turn’ and the increasing connectivity between global and local political forms. The rescaling of politics as a consequence of globalization has caused a major reassessment of the role and meaning of borders and spaces in the construction of politics. Globalization has also generated new roles for sub-national regions and allowed for their greater interconnectivity and networking between the borders. And it intensified opportunities for ‘world cities’ and generated an awareness of cosmopolitan spaces and the ‘inner mobilities’ associated with an increasingly networked world. The focus on new spaces and new forms of connectivity has led to a realization that space is constitutive of social and political relations, not just a ‘given’. Indeed, political globalization has worked to create the possibility for a proliferation of sites of political conflict around an expanded set of concerns: governance, identity, mobilities and community prominent amongst them.
2. What was interesting/ what did you learn
What I was very interested in this chapter is that the concept of globalization is really various. I did learn about the cultural globalization last time, and now I’ve learned about political globalization. I guess the next time will be the economic globalization. I thought that globalization is just globalization. I didn’t know that globalization has different kind of areas like culture, political and economy. Especially I’ve never imagined that political can interact to each country. I thought that political can only decide their own. I can easily imagine culture exchange each country but I couldn’t think about the political. And the fact that political include local, regional, national, transnational is also useful thing in this chapter. After I reading this context, I can think of as political globalization not just national assembly but local council.
3. Discussion Point
How political globalization works? And what will happen if the system breakdown?

Political Globalization

1. Summary

    Political globalization is important as the world is becoming more international and national boundaries are rapidly diminishing. Political globalization, can be understood as a tension between three processes: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks. First aspect of political globalization is the geopolitics of global power. Most prevalent form of government is a democratic nation-state, The globalization of politic occur as Soviet Union collapsed and the United States started exercising political influence over the world. Second aspect is a global normative culture. Political communication is not limited by national borders and common global issue include human right matters and natural concern. As John Meyer suggested, global culture makes all societies set a global standard. Also, The power of global normative culture has become reality beyond the state system and based on a relation of tension with states. Besides, political globalization is polycentric networks, it is nonterritorial and can be described as a famous organization such as United Nations, which has consensus power by majority of states. One of the distinctive features of global civil society is that it includes INGO(international nongovernmental organizations) such as SOS Children's Villages, Save the Children so on.

  The meaning of state’s sovereignty became weaker and weaker. For example, European Union has transnational authority like regulation of finance markets, cross-border trade. Not only it includes economical regulations, But also it includes various regulations over the European countries like environment, drugs and drug addiction, vocational training, health and safety and so on. It is obvious that states are undermining the nationality in response to globalization. Political globalization has also changed the way of communicating with other states. The recent social theory of the public sphere suggested that has now moved into a wider view of the public sphere as cosmopolitan. Political globalization is most prominent in aspects of changes in political communication and in the wider transformation of the public sphere. civil societalization has some two controversial issues. homogenization of globalization and individuating power of globalization

2. Interesting things what I learned.

  I was interested in growth of civil society. It undermined the meaning of borders and the tension among the states Also, I don’t know what is difference between NGO and INGO. I noticed that save the children is one of the represtative INGO. I researched abou the save the children. Save the children helps children in 120 countries, including the United States, working with Save the Children members worldwide. They put children first and giving them what they need to grow up happy and healthy. 

3. Discussion

As the power of INGO became bigger and bigger, the transparency and accountability are really crucial. Because Shortage of funds made the many programme useless, no matter what happens, they should  collect money as much as possible. according to this article, WHO gets two types of contribution to run its programmes. All member states pay an annual membership fee called assessed contribution, which is calculated on the basis of the country’s wealth and population. Assessed contribution accounts for just 20 per cent of WHO’s total budget. The remaining 80 per cent is funded through voluntary contributions made by countries, foundations, corporations and philanthropies. The problem is that 93 per cent of the voluntary funds is given for specific programmes. As a result, WHO is unable to implement or support many programs that are decided each year at the WHA. In fact this was the reason WHO gave for its failure to swiftly act during the recent Ebola outbreak

Member states are generally not willing to provide funds that are not earmarked as they feel that WHO does not provide them with data on how this money is used

how can we solce this money shortage problem? how can we emarked the money even?

Political Globalization

1/ Summarize :

Political globalization is the interconnected social organization of space and time across national borders. Two different visions emerge concerning the process of political globalization: this brings new possibilities for emancipation and the loss of autonomy and a fragmentation of the social world. Globalization is seen as a multi-faceted relational dynamic. 3 processes interact at global policy level: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks.

The global diffusion of democracy based on the state parliamentary nation is an important factor of globalization. Democracy exists in most parts of the world and if not, there is a strong demand for democracy, as in China. It is a form of the nation-state constituting a new type of global geopolitics. Globalization gives the democratic Nation a global acceptability.

Different types of political ideology and cultures have emerged with the Democratic Nation-State. The globalization of democracy is at the root of the "new world order" associated with the claim of the United States as a world power. However, the United States can not establish world supremacy and are challenged by other centers of power. Globalization therefore has a dimension the geopolitics of world power.

The global normative culture also has its role in the globalization of politics. Human rights and environmental concerns are now at the center of global problems. Political communication has an influence on the rest of the world and is no longer limited to national borders. It is evolving as a global discourse. Political communication has become the basis of a global normative culture. Human rights and sustainable development play an important role in this global normative culture. It provides benchmarks and guidance for political actors. It represents a framework for all companies. Political struggles and legitimation are linked to global issues.

Apart from the existence of powerful states, polycentric networks disseminate global geopolitics. These polycentric networks emanate from a multitude of different sites. They bring new relationships between the individual, the state and society. They are associated with new forms of global governance.

The notion of civil society is the relationship between the state and the market in politics. This corresponds to new independent spaces for global capitalism. This civil society was born around international non-governmental organizations. It therefore extends over several different spaces.

These three dimensions of political globalization are interdependent, they do not exist separately. These processes all correspond to a global political structure. The logic of globalization is based on the central logic of political modernity.

The nation-state is in perpetual transformation under economic conditions. States continue to be powerful actors but do not control the entire political process. New economic forces influence the power of the nation-state. The state must share sovereignty with other global players such as the companies it is trying to control. The question now is whether transnationalization strengthens the power of the nation-state or weakens it. Regulatory functions of the State are now carried out at the transnational level through cooperation with other states. The independence of nation-states is impossible because it is a functional component of the transnational apparatus and a major agent of world capitalism. The nation-state is thus being transformed. It remains, however, the main political form of society. The United States and China are today the most powerful nation-states.

Communication is at the center of politics. Communication is never totally controlled by the State. Although it engenders the emergence of global public discourses. This global audience influences global discourses.

Civil society represents the political potential of globalization. The social civilization of politics reinforces the idea that politics is increasingly informed by a global normative culture and shows the transformation of the nation-state. The civil societalization of politics expresses the formation of a community linking local and global, national and transnational and mobilizes a set of actors around common political codes.

The world is increasingly interconnected. This is a threat to the nation-state. The relationship between globalization and the new political spaces is animated by two dynamics.

Globalization leads to a loss of political autonomy. The three processes: the universalization of national models of democracy, the emergence of a global normative culture and the social civilization of governance structures exist in complex relationships. The current policy is structured around tensions that globalization has to bring. Politics today has a global influence, without borders.

2/ Interesting point :

One interesting point is political communication. Globalization has forced political actors to structure their discourses in order to target a global audience. Indeed, the current concerns are global. We need to act together without borders. Global discourse is therefore a key factor.

3/ Discussion point :

The question I ask myself as a communication student is about the development of digital. How does the advance of digital technology and the Internet influence global politics? Obama has used a lot of social networks. What about the rest of the world?

Political globalization

1.Summary
The first dimension of political globalization is the geopolitics of global power.A second dimension of political globalization refers to the rise of a global normative culture.There is another dimension of globalization that is less related to states and which is not reducible to global normative culture.This may be termed polycentric networks,that is,forms of nonterritorial politics which emanate from a multiplicity of sites and  which cannot be reduced as a single centre.These processes of political globalization are associated with networks and flows,new sources of mobility and communication,and denote new relationships between the individual,state and society.Political globalization is most visible in terms of changes in political communication and in the wider transformation of the public sphere.
2.What we can learn from the article
We have seen how political globalization is associated with the changing relationship between state,society and the individual,and the new transnational or global communities,networks and publics which have come into existence and which are in turn driving new forms of politics.Globalization has also generated new roles for sub-national regions and allowed for their greater interconnectivity and transborder networking,intensified opportunities for world cities and generated an awareness of cosmopolitan spaces created by belonging to a multiplicity of communities and the inner mobilities associated with an increasingly networked world.
3.Discussion point
Political globalization has resulted in a new set of tensions around which politics is now structured.So what is the new tension.I have not get it,so i think others may give me the answer.

Political Globalization

" Political Globalization "  

1) summarize ;

We studied political globalization refers to the development of a political infrastructure of global governance in our class. In this article, it says that we can understand political globalization as a tension between three processes interacting to produce the complex field of global politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks.

The globalization of the nation-state, and its model of political membership and institutionalized governance, has given form to the universal aspiration for democracy. Democracy is the universally acceptable government form. In many parts of the world, the democratic nation-state has given rise to very different kinds of political cultures.

Global normative culture is independent of geopolitics and human rights and environmental concerns are expressions of this. Political communication is also global in scope, no longer constraint to national borders because of global communications, popular culture and so on. One of distinctive features of global civil society is that it does not have on space but many; it’s polycentric. Globalization can enhance democracy. However, it also fragment it by shifting autonomy to capitalism.

Polycentric networks create new opportunities for autonomy and the recognition of a range of new actors and new models of governance. It also causes instabilities and dangers. With the transition from a world economy dominated by national economies to a global economy new economic forces come into play challenging the power of the nation-state. Instead of struggling to gain territorial power over other states, most states are struggling to control firms that have become rivals to states. Globalization reconfigures the state around global capitalism, making it possible for nation-states to be independent.

​Nation-states have been based on centralized systems of communication. The public sphere is the site of politics. The global is inside the social world in numerous ways. Political communication in the public sphere is increasingly framed by global issues. Global normative culture is playing a leading role as shaping political communications. Also, political globalization is most visible as change in political communication and in the wider transformation of public sphere.

The importance of civil society to political globalization lies in its potential to organize resistance to the global hegemony of capitalism and/or the US. Global civil society holds the promise of resolving contradictory tendencies in terms of what have become central to the experience of globality.

New spaces and new forms of connectivity in globalization has led to a realization that space is constitutive of social and political relations, not simply a given which comes with the territory.

Borders don’t necessarily map directly onto territory and states and they are becoming dispersed throughout society.

2 interesting items I learned ;

There are many arguments about what global civil society acts for. 
It’s called dark-side of civil society that global civil societies create new instabilities and dangers.
I don’t have critical point of view on global civil society.
I usually thought that it’s useful, helpful, and neutral to all countries.
It’s interesting and I’m surprised that Mary Robinson claimed there are two superpowers left on the planet: the United States and civil society.

3) Discussion point ;

With this article and our latest lectures, I want to share opinions about driving force on relation between politics and globalization. What is driving force on political globalization? Before I took this class, I usually thought globalization issues such as EU, FTA, global laws, global regulations and consultations in the economic view because I studied economics and international trades. So, I try to understand globalization as a result of numerous dimensions recently. Studying international trades, I studied that regulations and consultations between many countries are made in terms of power. There is no equality between power in making consultations and regulations. As there is difference of power of each country, it’s acceptable. However, I learned there’re many types of intergovernmental organizations which is not related to economy. And I want to know how diverse other people think on this matter : driving force on political globalization.

Political globalization

1. Summary.

Political globalization has been discussed in the many literature. There has been created many political discussion by the development of transnational networks and processes of deterritorialization and reterritorialization. Although there have been a negative side of globalization represented as a loss of autonomy and fragmentation of the world, Political globalization opened new emancipatory possibilities. Political globalization can be understood as a tension between three processes such as global geopolitics, global normative culture, and polycentric networks.

In the literature ‘the end of history’, Hukuyama insisted that there is no more efficient way than liberal democracy. After the long lasting war between democracy and communism, Liberal democracy finally won, so, the war of ideology was ended. However, unlike the foresight of Fukuyama, spreading of liberal democracy did not lead to the end of ideology but to the proliferation of more different kinds of ideology. The globalization of democratic politics has been the basis of new world order that has been associated with the worldwide supremacy lead by United States. Despite of the United States as a global power, global geopolitics does not mean a western world order. The United States will be no longer the global supremacy and US will be countlessly challenged by the many other states power. It is the first dimension of political globalization: global geopolitics. Secondly, Global normative culture is independent of global geopolitics and is largely legal but diffused in global political communication. One of the main normative culture is human right and environmental concerns such as sustainable development. Historically, the sovereignty of state has been challenged by the rights of the individual. Once state was the main component of global norms but today a global normative culture has come into existence beyond the state system and exists in a relation of tension with states. So, the global normative culture provides normative reference for states and an orientation for political actors. Globalization needs the global players such as powerful state to implement a global geopolitics. But there is another side of globalization that is less related to states and not reducible to global normative culture. That is called polycentric networks which is a kind of nonterritorial politics and cannot be reduced to a single center. These process of political globalization are associated with networks and flows, and communication. It denote new relationship between the individual, state and society. In this sense, the concept of civil society is much contested and for present purposes it simply refers to their political domain between the state and the market. In the world, states are still powerful actors but it exist in a more globally connected world which they cannot totally control. With the transition from a world economy dominated by national economies to a global economy, a new economic forces come into play challenging the power of the nation-state such as firms. So the result is that states have to share their sovereignty with other global players such as non-governmental actors leading to multi-governance. The European Union possesses a large number of independent regulatory authorities upon the state. States have been always had their regulatory functions but today, these regulatory functions are being performed at a transnational level through cooperation with other states. Like EU, throughout Asia, Africa, Central and South America, nation-states are on the whole the main expressions of political mobilization and identity. And also a communication is central to politics. Nation-states have been based on centralized systems of communication more multidimentionally.
By communication between domestic and international universality, many global players are able to discuss about global issues. It is mainly associated with the global normative cultures. And also there is much more importance on civil society. The importance of global civil society implies the resistance to the hegemony of US or capitalism represented by US.

2. Concerns and interesting things about the article.

By the article, in terms of global politics, there are much more complex ways to interpret present globalized world than I thought before. Like the Fukuyama insisted, after the communism collapsed, Democracy seems to be the only ideology the world will follow. But as the world become more and more globalized, the border of state and culture, economy and even politics become vague. In the article, the author said we have to point out the complex relationships between autonomy and fragmentation. The nation-state is an important factor for political autonomy through the sovereignty of peoplehood. And democracy is also an important part in a world community of nation-states. Democracy is worldwidely desired and very essential to the nation-state. There always occurred the division or inequality of actors by economical or political class under democratic system. So I concerned about another domination system caused by the high degree of democracy. By political globalization, there arose many nation-state system. And the nation-state rules or has a control over the state and world. Maybe I think these phenomenon may cause the another ruling system over the world. Then finally, the globalized world may retreat to one-dimentional dominance system under the nation-state ruling system.

3. Discussion point

My discussion point is about the civil society. We cannot ignore the hegemony of governmental system. The author insisted that to resist against the hegemony of United States or Democracy, the role of civil society is very important. But I have one question about this idea. That idea is quite proper opinion, I think. But, to give a civil society a power to resist against the hegemony, there will be highly needed to be united or integrated civil society interest. If there are no singly consensus idea of civil society, if there are many civil society fighting each other to assert their own interest, then I think it will be more and more difficult to resist the hegemony of governmental level. Surely there are many well-organized civil societies. However each civil societies have a different, various interests. In these sense, I wonder if the governmental system afraid of the civil society.

Political Globalization

1.     Summary
 

  Political globalization is a construction of interconnected organization which is transnational and accelerated. After socialist nations collapsed, it became an approach to a society that established a global trend and a transnational community. Globalization can be seen as a combination of a large stream, but others may be concerned that the loss of sovereignty and unique sovereignty can be fragmented. Therefore, this article explains how globalization works in political way and understands the relationship among the three important elements(global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks), when globalization is already underway.

  Since the 1990s, democracy has spread throughout most of the world. Fukuyama Fransis saw the collapse of the socialist state as the end of the ideological war. In fact, the dualistic ideological conflicts(Socialism vs. Democracy) have disappeared. However, many conflicts that have been overshadowed before have been revealed in earnest. We have limitations on analyzing the present world with the end of the ideology. Clearly, the world is spreading more and more diverse ideas and concepts. Currently, we are in a new order and system of so-called American supremacy. That is the order that the United States has established since World War II, but it is not the PAX Americana. In fact, in nowadays, many of the world's major powers, including China, are threatening the power of the America. Thus, the first process of the political globalization is the redistribution of power units.

  Also, the world is creating global normative culture. And this is spread by outstanding communication skills. Their major characteristic is not only about human rights issues but also implications for global problems such as environmental problems. According to the discussion, the nation was the basis for the establishment of a rule in the past, but now the world is in a tense relationship between them and the universal norm. There is a global culture that can be applied to every country in modern society. For instance, the UN Convention on Human Rights and the restriction to the nation which tramples its basic rights.

  Moreover, discussions on political globalization are not classified as countries that are largely engaged in and the countries that less related to that. In other words, there is a polycentric networks. In the past, in case of PAX Romana, it divided into the ruler of the powerful Roman and the colony who accepted the rules of Rome. However, the current norm is multidimensional. One of the unique characteristics of a global civil society is that it does not have a single space. They are a multi-dimensional things that is not based on a single principle of organization.

  Communication is a main factor of politics. A progress of communication skill give an opportunity which is discussing about global issues as well as domestic one. They are usually related to global normative culture, we can communicate with domestic and international universality through communication.

 

2.     What was interesting? / What did you learn?

 

  I agree that modern society is more multi-dimensional. Only a few years before I was born there were socialist nations such as Soviet Union and there was a Cold War between liberals and socialist camps. However, due to conflicts between that nations, we have underestimated many of the problems that should be observed universally. As a result, there are countless conflicts around the world since the end of the Cold War. As described in the article, the collapse of socialism is not the end of ideological conflict. There is still a conflict of value over the wider range. For example, there are conflicts between nations in the Middle East, because of resistance ways against capitalist nations.

  According to a studying in class, the world created a huge organization called the UN, and founded a lot of institutions to solve the universal problem. They want to promote the convenience and stability of the global civil society. However, it is necessary to note their adverse effects. For example, in case of the IMF, there is a risk that countries using IMF's loan policies are stigmized as economic aid-country. So they receive a lot of criticism. Therefore we must establish a 'real' normative culture which is more acceptable to all by communicating more various opinions.

 

3.     Discussion point

 

  A major concept of this article is a 'Consensus'. We should create global values for every nation and people by consensus. The principles of consensus have evolved from ancient times. A discussion has been made to find the most reasonable method between many people. Among them, majority rule is currently being used. We commonly use the majority rule from choosing the dinner menu to presidential election. However, recent issues have raised suspicions that the majority rule is the best way for common good.

  South Korea is suffering from internal disputes due to various irregularities and abnormal incidents involving the president. She selected by the principle of majority of the public, but there was a lot of opposition, and she was met with a huge backlash before her term's started. However, Koreans have endured four years in accordance with this principle. And Korean have noticed that she has a huge defection. And now, the state of affairs in Korea is paralyzed. It seems similar to protest against result of U.S. presidential election. In future, we live in era which should bring about a global consensus as well as domestic consensus. I would like to discuss what method of consensus will be sought for 'genuine' consensus, not a majority principle.

 

 

 

 

Political globalization

1.     Summary of “political globalization”

 The concept of globalization involves that increasing of interconnected organization of space and changing multidimensional. In this description, political globalization is generally understood to as a tension between three processes which interact to produce the complex field of global politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks.

 These days, democracy can be thought as ‘The world new order’ but it doesn’t mean that the end of ideology. Definitely, democracy is widely spread in the world and even the countries which do not have democratic government have some systems of democracy. After the collapse of Soviet Union, democracy is understood that the final ideology and it seems America is the one who laughs last. But democracy is just the result which is chosen by our world in this period. Liberal democracy makes the ideology more various, if anything.

 With the development of communication technology, globalization is rapidly processed and the connectivity of nation-state conspicuously is increased. In this process, nations necessarily make a system for normative culture or universal rules. So normative culture is the result of political globalization. UN is the most classic example for political globalization. For making consensus, members of UN communicate together. This does not interpret as westernization. It is progress for make decision for universal rules and world debate. Nation-state is still important factors but becoming to globally connected world, each states cannot exist independent anymore. It is impossible to make consensus if each nations just considers for their benefit. So political globalization is integral factor when we treat about globalization.

 So this process of globalization, polycentric network is created naturally and political globalization stably arrange it. Communication is the most important virtue for humanity. Mankind has been stronger with expanding community and nowadays we can communication with all over the world. Each individual has to noticed that he or she is not just citizen of nation-state but also citizen of global world. In the same vein, members of global society must show effort for make better world.

2.     What was interesting? / What did you learn?

 It is interesting that the author argued, ‘the flood tide of democracy’ is not meaning about ‘End of ideology’. Author thought, the democratic system makes more various ideology. This is deeply impressive for me because I thought like ‘this is period of democracy because other ideologies are disappeared’. But when I read this script, I regarded that democracy is not just understood by ideology. That’s a kind of system and it can contribute to develop society even it is not democratic society. Actually, every nation-state has its own government system and ideology. In these days, may be democracy is concept which more close to system than ideology. Democratic system just makes possible that whole members of society can concern their society’s issue and participate to make consensus. This make society’s values various, not narrow. In some ways, I think that essentially democratic system is the only way to make community’s consensus without fear or favour. In ancient society, it was difficult to make consensus by whole member’s participation so there was other government systems but nowadays it become possible with development of technology(In fact, there was some democratic system in ancient age like Athens’ ‘demoskratia’). Democracy is based on participation by society members. It is not matter that the society is just small town or whole global world. It is just a way to make a consensus by communication. So, in this context, I feel more sense of responsibility for become a citizen of global world. Actually, there already exist the polycentric network and we are connected other nation’s influence but I think many people, myself included don’t care enough about global discussion.

3.     Discussion point

 My discussion point of this section is ‘Does the present democratic system sufficiently reflect idea of majority?’.

 After the U.S presidential election in this month, I have doubt ‘Is the result truly reflect majority of citizen?’ U.S presidential election is the way of winner-take-all system. Citizens vote to their representative and the result is decided by total of opinions of house members. I am not talking about the result election is right or wrong. But I think U.S is nation that has the most various races and culture. So I believe the way of U.S.A ’s making decision can be a model of global discussion. As mentioned before, the U.S presidential election is the result of a number of people who have various culture and race. Then, there are much different views than small nation in geopolitical view. So it is much difficult to collect meaning of people. And it is more difficult at making international consensus. Because of these factors I wonder what is the most impartial way to make decision of enormous number of people. As I said democracy is chosen this period because it seems pretty rational. And it works by collecting people’s opinion. Election is the typical process of it. So I want to discuss about impartiality of present democratic system and idea about any better alternative system. Also, I wonder classmate’s idea about it.

Political Globalization

Political Globalization

1)    Summary

In concept of globalization, political globalization concerns an approach to the social world that emphasizes transnational processes as well as a consciousness of the essence of time and space. For some, processes of political globalization give an opportunity that is new emancipatory possibilities. But, for others, political globalization leads to the fragmentation of the social world. Political globalization can be understood as a tension between three processes which interact to produce the complex field of global politics. The three processes are global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks. Democratic government exists in most parts of the world. Some countries don’t have democratic system, but, there is a considerable demand for it by democratic movements. It constitutes a new kind of global geopolitics. today a global normative culture has come into existence beyond the state system and exists in a relation of tension with states. Polycentric networks is forms of nonterritorial politics that come out of a multiplicity of sites and that cannot be reduced to a single site.

In the world, States are still powerful factors, but states exist in a more globally connected world that they do not fully control. Finally, Globalization make the state impossible for nation-states to be independent. In the context of political globalization, states and nation-states need to distinguish. The separation of nationality and citizenship can be attributed to the impact of global normative culture, it has led to blur the boundary of national and international law.

Nation-states have been based on centralized systems of communication. Communication is central to politics. Political parties have been at the centre of large-scale structures of political communication. Politics has been mostly conceived of as a national public sphere. But, in globalization, The public sphere is now pervaded by what can be called a global public. So it is possible to see political communication in the public sphere as increasingly framed by global issues.

Political globalization is associated with global civil society. The growth of global civil society results in increasing opportunities for interaction between domestic and international politics. And the importance of civil society to political globalization lies in its potential to organize resistance to the global hegemony of capitalism. Moreover, global civil society works to undermine the importance of the territorial state in favour of new forms of networked opposition.

Political globalization has resulted in a new set of tensions around which politics is now structured. And, finally, political globalization make the possibility for a spread of sites of political conflict around an expanded set of concerns.

 Political globalization make world of polycentric networks. It has positive part because polycentric networks create new opportunities for autonomy. But It can cause instabilities and dangers.

2)    Interesting thing I learned

Before studying in class and reading this article, I just thought positive side of political globalization. Some countries don’t have democratic system, but, because of political globalization, they can have considerable demand for it by democratic movements. Also Many global organization play important role in the world, for example, each year the WHO makes a vaccine for flu and UNICEF and UNESCO help underdeveloped countries. But organization related in political globalization has dark side because powerful nations have a great influence on political globalization. There is a risk that the superpowers could use political globalization only their own interests.

3)    Discussion Point

The more globalization goes along, the more importance of global organizations grows. global organizations have positive influences on world, but There is obviously a negative impact on the world. So It is important to control dark side of global organizations in political globalization. So I think what organization have negative effects is necessary to discuss.